Logic Science Laboratory

• Laws of formal logic:

• Law of identity,

• Law of excluded middle

• Law of contradiction

• Law of sufficient reason

• Main categories: 

• Concept

• Judgment

• Inference

• Syllogisms: Structure, types, rules of construction and detection of errors

• Logical operations: 

• Definition

• Division

• Classification

• Proof

• Refutation

• Modal logic: Logic of necessity and possibility

• Laws of dialectics:

• Law of unity and struggle of opposites

• Law of transition of quantitative changes into qualitative

• Law of negation of negation

• Structuring an argument: Identifying the thesis, arguments (premises), demonstration

• Schematicization of arguments: Construction of logical schemes, Euler-Venn diagrams

• Assessing the strength of an argument: Relevance and sufficiency of premises

• Identifying implicit (hidden) premises

• Criticism of arguments: Refutation of the thesis, criticism of grounds, criticism of demonstration

• Analysis of complex discourses: Cartography of argumentation

• Straw man

• Slippery slope

• Special requirements

• Gambler's fallacy

• Black or white

• False reason

• Getting personal

• Provocative question

• Opinion of the masses (All in one car)

• Vicious circle

• Appeal to authority

• Appeal to nature

• Part-whole

• Case from life

• Appeal to emotions

• And what are you like!?

• Burden of proof

• No true Scotsman

• Texas sharpshooter fallacy

• Fallacy within a fallacy

• Argument from incredulity

• Ambiguity

• Genetic logical fallacy

• Golden mean

• Contradiction

• Appeal to tradition

• Multiplication of entities

• Two evils make a good

• Associative fallacy

• Argument from social failure

• Argument from assertion/certainty

• Anonymous authority

• Wishful thinking

• Galileo's trick

• Form over content

• False analogy

• Gate-sliding syndrome

• Argument from consequences

• Single proof

• Poisoning the source

• The enemy of my enemy

• Ridicule or accusation of boredom

• Observer fallacy

• Overgeneralization

• After that = because of that

• Appeal to force

• Argument from ignorance + God of Blank Spots

• Reduction to Absurdity

• Action Bias

• Affect Heuristic

• Ambiguity Effect

• Anchoring Bias

• Attentional Bias

• Authority Bias

• Availability Heuristic

• Bandwagon Effect

• Barnum Effect

• Base Rate Fallacy

• Belief Perseverance (The Backfire Effect)

• Benjamin Franklin effect

• Bikeshedding

• Bottom-Dollar Effect

• Bounded Rationality

• Bundling Bias

• Bye-Now Effect

• Cashless Effect

• Category Size Bias

• Choice Overload

• Cognitive Dissonance

• Commitment Bias

• Confirmation Bias

• Decision Fatigue

• Declinism

• Decoy Effect

• Disposition Effect

• Distinction Bias

• Dunning–Kruger Effect

• Einstellung Effect

• Empathy Gap

• Endowment Effect

• Extrinsic Incentive Bias

• False Consensus Effect

• Framing Effect

• Functional Fixedness

• Fundamental Attribution Error

• Gambler's Fallacy

• Google Effect

• Halo Effect

• Hard-easy effect

• Heuristics

• Hindsight Bias

• Hot Hand Fallacy

• Hyperbolic Discounting

• IKEA Effect

• Identifiable Victim Effect

• Illusion of Control

• Illusion of Transparency

• Illusion of Validity

• Illusory Correlation

• Illusory Truth Effect

• Impact Bias

• In-group Bias

• Incentivization

• Just-world Hypothesis

• Lag Effect

• Law of the Instrument

• Less-is-Better Effect

• Leveling and Sharpening

• Levels of Processing

• Look-elsewhere Effect

• Loss Aversion

• Mental Accounting

• Mere Exposure Effect

• Messenger Effect

• Motivating Uncertainty Effect

• Naive Allocation

• Naive Realism

• Negativity Bias

• Noble Edge Effect

• Normalcy Bias

• Nostalgia Effect

• Observer Expectancy Effect

• Omission Bias

• Optimism Bias

• Ostrich Effect

• Overjustification Effect

• Peak-end Rule

• Pessimism bias

• Planning Fallacy

• Pluralistic Ignorance

• Primacy Effect

• Priming

• Projection Bias

• Reactive devaluation

• Recency Effect

• Regret Aversion

• Representativeness Heuristic

• Response Bias

• Restraint Bias

• Rosy Retrospection

• Salience Bias

• Self-serving Bias

• Serial Position Effect

• Sexual Overperception Bias

• Social Norms

• Source Confusion

• Spacing Effect

• Spotlight Effect

• Status Quo Bias

• Suggestibility

• Survivorship Bias

• Take-the-best Heuristic

• Telescoping Effect

• The Illusion of Explanatory Depth

• The Pygmalion effect

• The Sunk Cost Fallacy

• Zero Risk Bias

• Persistence

• Amplification

• Fixation

• Reversal

• Anticipation

• Resistance

• Protraction

• Separation

• Acceleration

• Regulation

• Formulation

• Deductive reasoning: From general to particular (syllogisms, modes)

• Inductive reasoning: From particular to general (complete and incomplete induction, scientific induction)

• Abductive reasoning: Reasoning to the best explanation (hypothetical-deductive method)

• Analogy: Types of analogies (strict/non-strict), conditions of consistency

• Inferences from statements about relationships

• Deceive the Emperor into sailing across the sea

• Besiege Wei to save Zhao

• Kill with someone else's knife

• Wait quietly for a tired enemy

• Rob during a fire

• Make a fuss in the east, attack in the west

• Make something out of nothing

• Pretend to repair a wooden bridge, secretly set out for Chencang

• Watch the fire from the opposite bank

• Hide a dagger behind a smile

• A plum tree withers instead of a peach tree

• Lead a sheep away with a light hand

• Beat the grass to scare off a snake

• Borrow a corpse to return the soul

• Lure a tiger from a mountain to a plain

• If you want to catch something, first let it go

• Throw a brick to get a jasper

• To neutralize a bandit's gang, first you have to catch the leader

• Secretly put brushwood under someone else's cauldron

• Fish in muddy water

• Cicada sheds its golden skin

• Close the door and catch the thief

• Team up with a distant enemy to beat a neighbor

• Announce that you are just going to pass through the state of Go, take it over

• Steal the beams and replace them with rotten supports

• Hide the acacia and point to the mulberry tree

• Make crazy gestures without losing your balance

• Lure onto the roof and remove the ladder

• Decorate dry trees with artificial flowers

• Turn the role of a guest into the role of a host

• Stratagem of a beauty

• Stratagem of open city gates

• Stratagem of sowing discord

• Stratagem of a crossbow

• Stratagem "chains"

• Escape (in case of complete hopelessness)

• Construction of Consistent Theses and Belief Systems

• Method of Analysis through Logical Squares

• Principles of Conducting Discussions and Dialectics

• Basic Elements of Logical Calculus

• Logical Puzzles and Paradoxes: Liar's Paradox, Russell's Paradox, Smullyan's Problems

• Logical Algorithms for Decision Making